Tài liệu 3G CDMA2000 Wireless System Engineering pptx

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Yang, Samuel C.
3G CDMA2000 wireless system engineering.—(Artech House mobile communications
library)
1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Code division multiple access
I. Title
621.3'845
ISBN 1-58053-757-x
Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner
© 2004 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book
may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ-
ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have
been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa-
tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade-
mark or service mark.
International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-757-x
10987654321
To my wife Jenny and my son Daniel
.
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to 3G CDMA 1
1.1 Third Generation Systems 1
1.2 Protocol Architecture 2
1.3 Other Elements of Protocol Architecture 3
1.4 Spreading Rate 1 and Spreading Rate 3 5
1.5 Differences Between IS-2000 and IS-95 7
1.5.1 Signaling 7
1.5.2 Transmission 8
1.5.3 Concluding Remarks 8
References 9
CHAPTER 2
Physical Layer: Forward Link 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Radio Configurations 14
2.3 Signaling Channels 15
2.3.1 Forward Dedicated Control Channel (F-DCCH) 15
2.3.2 Quick Paging Chanel (F-QPCH) 16
2.3.3 Forward Common Control Channel (F-CCCH) 19
2.3.4 Broadcast Control Channel (F-BCCH) 20
2.3.5 Common Assignment Channel (F-CACH) 21
2.3.6 Common Power Control Channel (F-CPCCH) 22
2.3.7 Pilot Channels 24
2.4 User Channels 26
2.4.1 Forward Fundamental Channel (F-FCH) 26
2.4.2 Forward Supplemental Channel (F-SCH) 27
2.5 Channel Structure 31
2.6 Modulation 32
2.7 Capacity Gain: Forward Link 34
References 35
Selected Bibliography 35
vii
CHAPTER 3
Physical Layer: Reverse Link 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Radio Configurations 39
3.3 Signaling Channels 40
3.3.1 Reverse Dedicated Control Channel (R-DCCH) 40
3.3.2 Reverse Common Control Channel (R-CCCH) 41
3.3.3 Enhanced Access Channel (R-EACH) 42
3.3.4 Reverse Pilot Channel (R-PICH) 45
3.4 User Channels 49
3.4.1 Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH) 50
3.4.2 Reverse Supplemental Channel (R-SCH) 50
3.5 Channel Structure 50
3.6 Modulation 51
3.7 Capacity Gain: Reverse Link 52
References 53
Selected Bibliography 53
CHAPTER 4
Medium Access Control 55
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 Primitives 55
4.3 Multiplex Sublayers 57
4.4 Radio Link Protocol (RLP) 60
4.4.1 Overview of Layer 2 Protocols 60
4.4.2 llustration of the RLP 61
4.4.3 Concluding Remarks 62
4.5 Signaling Radio Burst Protocol (SRBP) 63
4.6 System Access 64
4.6.1 Basic Access Mode 65
4.6.2 Reservation Access Mode 65
4.6.3 Power Controlled Access Mode 67
4.6.4 Designated Access Mode 68
References 68
CHAPTER 5
Signaling Link Access Control 71
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 LAC Sublayers 71
5.2.1 Authentication and Addressing Sublayers 71
5.2.2 ARQ Sublayer 73
5.2.3 Utility Sublayer 73
5.2.4 Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer 74
5.3 Sublayer Processing 74
5.3.1 Common Signaling: Forward Link 74
5.3.2 Common Signaling: Reverse Link 76
5.3.3 Dedicated Signaling: Forward Link 77
viii Contents
5.3.4 Dedicated Signaling: Reverse Link 80
5.4 Interaction of Layer and Sublayers 80
5.4.1 Transmit Side 81
5.4.2 Receive Side 82
References 83
CHAPTER 6
Signaling: Upper Layers 85
6.1 Overview 85
6.2 State Transitions: Call Processing 87
6.2.1 Initialization State 88
6.2.2 Mobile Station Idle State 89
6.2.3 System Access State 91
6.2.4 Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State 94
6.3 Mode Transitions: Packet Data Transmission 96
6.3.1 Active Mode 96
6.3.2 Control Hold Mode 96
6.3.3 Dormant Mode 96
6.3.4 Transitions 97
6.4 Channel Setup 97
6.4.1 Example 1: Base Station-Originated Voice Call 98
6.4.2 Example 2: Mobile Station-Originated Voice Call 99
6.4.3 Example 3: Mobile Station-Originated Packet Data Call 100
6.4.4 Example 4: Supplemental Channel Request During a
6.4.4 Packet Data Call 101
6.4.5 Concluding Remarks 104
References 104
CHAPTER 7
Power Control 107
7.1 Introduction 107
7.2 Power Control of the Forward Link 107
7.2.1 Inner Loop and Outer Loop 107
7.2.2 Power Control of Multiple Forward Traffic Channels 110
7.3 Power Control of the Reverse Link: Open Loop 113
7.3.1 Power Control of Multiple Reverse Channels 113
7.3.2 Summary 116
7.4 Power Control of the Reverse Link: Closed Loop 117
7.4.1 Inner Loop and Outer Loop 118
7.4.2 Power Control of Multiple Reverse Channels 119
References 121
CHAPTER 8
Handoff 123
8.1 Introduction 123
8.2 Soft Handoff 123
8.2.1 Active Set 124
Contents ix
8.2.2 Candidate Set 127
8.2.3 Neighbor Set 128
8.2.4 Remaining Set 129
8.2.5 Set Transitions 129
8.2.6 Example: Soft Handoff 129
8.3 Idle Handoff 133
8.3.1 Active Set 133
8.3.2 Neighbor Set 134
8.3.3 Private Neighbor Set 134
8.3.4 Remaining Set 134
8.3.5 Idle Handoff Process 134
8.4 Access Entry Handoff 134
8.5 Access Handoff 135
8.5.1 Active Set 136
8.5.2 Neighbor Set 136
8.5.3 Remaining Set 136
8.5.4 Access Handoff Process 136
8.6 Access Probe Handoff 138
8.7 Concluding Remarks 139
References 140
CHAPTER 9
System Performance 141
9.1 Introduction 141
9.2 Channel Supervision 141
9.2.1 Forward Link: Traffic Channel 141
9.2.2 Forward Link: Common Channel 142
9.2.3 Reverse Link 142
9.3 Code Management 142
9.3.1 Generation of Walsh Codes 143
9.3.2 Assignment of Walsh Codes: Forward Link 144
9.3.3 Quasi-Orthogonal Functions 147
9.3.4 Assignment of Walsh Codes: Reverse Link 147
9.4 Turbo Codes 150
9.5 Transmit Diversity 152
9.5.1 Orthogonal Transmit Diversity 152
9.5.2 Space Time Spreading 154
9.5.3 Concluding Remarks 156
References 156
Selected Bibliography 157
CHAPTER 10
System Design: Coverage 159
10.1 Introduction 159
10.2 Forward Pilot Channel 161
10.3 Forward Fundamental Channel 162
10.4 Forward Supplemental Channel 163
x Contents
10.5 Upper Bounds of Interference: Forward Link 165
10.6 Reverse Fundamental Channel 165
10.7 Reverse Supplemental Channel 167
10.8 Upper Bounds of Interference: Reverse Link 168
10.9 E
b
/N
0
and Receiver Sensitivity 169
10.10 Concluding Remarks 169
Reference 170
CHAPTER 11
System Design: Capacity 171
11.1 Introduction 171
11.2 Mathematical Definitions 171
11.2.1 Received Signal Power 171
11.2.2 Loading Factor 173
11.3 Reverse Link 174
11.3.1 Capacity 174
11.3.2 Capacity Improvements in IS-2000 176
11.3.3 Capacity Improvements in a System 177
11.4 Forward Link 178
11.4.1 Capacity 179
11.4.2 Capacity Improvements in IS-2000 182
11.4.3 Capacity Improvements in a System 183
References 185
CHAPTER 12
Network Architecture 187
12.1 Introduction 187
12.2 2G Network 187
12.2.1 Network Elements 187
12.2.2 Protocols 189
12.3 3G Network 189
12.3.1 Network Elements 190
12.3.2 Protocols 191
12.4 Simple IP 192
12.5 Mobile IP 193
12.6 Concluding Remarks 196
References 197
CHAPTER 13
1xEV-DO Network 199
13.1 Introduction 199
13.2 1xEV-DO Network 201
13.3 Protocol Architecture 202
13.3.1 Application Layer 204
13.3.2 Stream Layer 205
13.3.3 Session Layer 205
13.3.4 Connection Layer 206
Contents xi
13.3.5 Security Layer 210
13.3.6 Concluding Remarks 210
References 211
CHAPTER 14
1xEV-DO Radio Interface: Forward Link 213
14.1 Introduction 213
14.2 MAC Layer 213
14.2.1 Forward Traffic Channel MAC Protocol 214
14.2.2 Control Channel MAC Protocol 215
14.3 Physical Layer 215
14.3.1 Pilot Channel 215
14.3.2 Forward Traffic Channel/Control Channel 216
14.3.3 MAC Channel 219
14.3.4 Time Division Multiplexing 221
14.3.5 Modulation 225
14.4 Concluding Remarks 226
References 226
Selected Bibliography 226
CHAPTER 15
1xEV-DO Radio Interface: Reverse Link 227
15.1 Introduction 227
15.2 MAC Layer 227
15.2.1 Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol 227
15.2.2 Access Channel MAC Protocol 228
15.3 Physical Layer 229
15.3.1 Reverse Traffic Channel 231
15.3.2 Access Channel 236
15.3.3 Modulation 238
15.4 Reverse Power Control 239
15.4.1 Open-Loop Power Control 239
15.4.2 Closed-Loop Power Control 240
References 240
Selected Bibliography 240
About the Author 241
Index 243
xii Contents
Preface
Over the past few years, many fundamental changes have taken place in wireless
communications that will influence the future of this dynamic field. One phenome
-
non driving these changes has been the integration of wireless communication
devices in people’s lives. While the 1990s were the years when wireless voice teleph
-
ony became popular, the 2000s should be the time when wireless data applications
are truly un-tethered from homes and offices. As more people adopt wireless com
-
munication devices and applications effected by these devices, the demand on wire
-
less networks will continue to grow.
Although code division multiple access (CDMA) has become an integral part of
the ensemble of third generation (3G) standards, many wireless network operators
have found the implementation of IS-2000 affords a good balance between cost and
performance of providing 3G services, especially if an operator evolves its network
from IS-95 to IS-2000. As such, IS-2000 has become a popular choice of 3G for
operators around the world, notably in Asia and the Americas.
This book has been written to address the technical concepts of IS-2000. The
focus is on basic issues, and every effort has been made to present the material in an
expository and interesting fashion. One strategy is to utilize examples not to offer
proofs (as they cannot) but to help the reader grasp the fundamental issues at hand.
In this regard, mathematical details and models have an important role but serve as
means to an end. While CDMA is by nature theory-intensive, every attempt is made
to strike a balance between theory and practice. In addition, to minimize the dupli-
cation of foundational material of spread spectrum communications and IS-95, this
book does not describe those introductory concepts (e.g., synchronization of PN
codes) in detail and assumes that the reader is familiar with basic material such as
those found in CDMA RF System Engineering (Samuel Yang, Artech House, 1998).
Furthermore, this book assumes that the reader is familiar with the layered frame
-
works of the Internet Model and OSI Model.
In 3G, the system requires the full participation of not only the physical layer
but also medium access control, link access control, and upper layers to provide not
only circuit voice call but also packet data call functions. Hence in 3G, one needs to
focus on the entire system rather than just on a particular layer. To that end, the
book starts with a layer-by-layer treatment of IS-2000. In Chapters 1 to 6, it follows
the protocol layer framework and describes IS-2000 from Layers 1 to 3. Chapter 1
introduces basic concepts and requirements of 3G and highlights key differences
between IS-2000 and IS-95. Chapters 2 and 3 describe physical layers of forward
and reverse links, respectively. The channel structure and functions of different
channels are described in these two chapters. Chapter 4 covers medium access
xiii

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