Protecting the polar
marine environment
LAW AND POLICY FOR
POLLUTION PREVENTION
Edited by
DAVOR VIDAS
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
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http://www.cambridge.org
First published in printed format
ISBN 0-521-66311-3 hardback
ISBN 0-511-03390-7 eBook
The Fridt
jof Nansen Instutute 2004
2000
(Adobe Reader)
©
,
Contents
List of figuresxi
List of tablesxii
Notes on the contributorsxiii
Preface and acknowledgementsxv
List of abbreviationsxviii
Protecting the polar marine environment: interplay of
regulatoryframeworks3
Davor Vidas
Areas dealt with in this book4
The Arctic and Antarctic regions: similarities and contrasts5
Structure of this book: interplay of regulatory frameworks13
:
1 Globalism and regionalism in the protection of the marine
environment19
Alan Boyle
Globalism and regionalism in the law of the sea20
What is a ‘region’?26
Advantages and disadvantages of regionalism30
Conclusions33
2 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the polar
marineenvironment34
Budislav Vukas
vii
Applicability of the LOS Convention to the polar oceans35
Navigation and the protection of the marine environment38
Enclosed or semi-enclosed seas: Part IX39
Protection and preservation of the marine environment:
Part XII42
Part XII and customary international law45
Part XII and the polar oceans51
Settlement of disputes: Part XV53
Final remarks54
3 Global environmental protection instruments and the polar
marineenvironment57
Donald R. Rothwell
Marine pollution conventions and the polar oceans58
International regulation of ship-sourced pollution59
International regulation of dumping at sea63
International regulation of land-based pollution65
International regulation of maritime emergencies67
Marine environmental protected areas70
Other global environmental conventions and their impact on
the polar marine environment73
Interaction between global conventions and regional regimes
for marine environmental protection75
Conclusions76
4The polar marine environment in regional cooperation78
Davor Vidas
International cooperative processes for polar environmental
protection: the decade of change79
Approaches to polar marine environmental protection in
regional cooperation88
Conclusions: a paradox of similarities or a consequence of
differences?101
5 Protection of the Antarctic environment against marine pollution
under the 1991 Protocol104
Christopher C. Joyner
Marine pollution in the Antarctic105
Marine pollution law in the 1991 Environmental Protocol107
The annexes112
The balance sheet122
viii Contents
6 Sub-regional cooperation and protection of the Arctic marine
environment:the Barents Sea124
Olav Schram Stokke
Sub-regional collaboration in the Barents Region: effectiveness
concerns125
Threats to the Barents Sea marine environment130
Managing the marine environment: sub-regional contributions134
Conclusions: effectiveness of sub-regional cooperation in the
Barents Sea146
7 Domestic perspectives and regulations in protecting the polar
marineenvironment:Australia,Canada and the United States149
Donald R. Rothwell and Christopher C. Joyner
Canada and the Arctic marine environment150
The United States and the Arctic marine environment156
Australia and the Antarctic marine environment161
The United States and the Antarctic marine environment166
Polar states and marine environmental protection: conclusions170
:
8 Land-based marine pollution and the Arctic: polarities between
principles and practice175
David VanderZwaag
Crises in Arctic seas177
Global instruments addressing land-based marine pollution180
Extra-regional efforts addressing land-based pollution184
Regional sea agreements relevant to land-based pollution of
the Arctic187
Arctic regional initiatives addressing land-based
pollution and activities189
Challenges and future directions195
9 Radioactive waste in the Barents and Kara Seas: Russian
implementation of the global dumping regime200
Olav Schram Stokke
The problem of radioactive waste201
The global dumping regime203
Implementing the dumping regime: the Russian case207
Conclusions218
Contents ix
10 Regulation of navigation and vessel-source pollution in the
NorthernSea Route:Article 234 and state practice221
R. Douglas Brubaker
The Northern Sea Route: legal controversy223
Russian regulation: non-compliance with, or interpretation of,
Article 234?225
Practice of the USA and other states in Russian Arctic waters239
Conclusions242
11 The emerging International Polar Navigation Code: bi-polar
relevance?244
Lawson W. Brigham
Navigating in polar waters244
Historical perspectives246
The harmonisation process and developments248
Key elements of the Polar Code250
Arctic issues254
Antarctic issues256
Assessing the potentials of the Polar Code259
Conclusions and the future261
Index of international instruments and national legislation263
Subject index268
x Contents
List of figures
10.1 The Northern Sea Route page 222
11.1 Extent of sea ice in the polar oceans 247
xi
List of tables
11.1 Structure and components of the draft Polar Code as page 252
submitted to the IMO, March 1998
xii
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