Maternal, Infant, and Child Health Objectives for 2010 1
On an average day in the United States 2
Quick stats for the United States 3
Infant and Maternal Mortality
Infant Mortality in the United States 6
Infant Mortality and Race/Ethnicity of Mother 8
Leading Causes of Infant Mortality 10
Maternal Mortality 12
Birth Defects
Incidence of Birth Defects 16
Birth Defects Monitoring Programs 18
Newborn Screening 20
Newborn Screening: Categories of Disorders 22
Preterm and Low Birthweight Births
Preterm Births 26
Prematurity and Low Birthweight 28
Risk of Preterm Births 30
Prematurity and Race/Ethnicity of Mother 32
Costliness of Preterm and Low Birthweight Babies 34
Prevention
Importance of Prenatal Care 38
Patterns of Prenatal Care 39
Benefits of Folic Acid 40
Smoking During Pregnancy 42
Alcohol and Other Drug Use 44
Obesity 46
Childhood Immunization 48
Health Insurance
Health Insurance and Access to Care 50
Health Insurance Coverage for Women of Childbearing Age 52
Health Insurance Coverage for Children 54
Medicaid’s Role in Maternal and Child Health 56
Children’s Health Insurance Program 58
Medicaid and CHIP: Eligibility and Enrollment 60
State Data
State Infant Mortality Rates, 2003-2005 Average 65
Live Births, by State, 2006 68
Newborn Screening Requirements, by State, 2009 70
Preterm and Low Birthweight Births 72
Prenatal Care 84
Health Insurance 90
Immunizations 111
Newborn Screening Terms: A Glossary 112
Data Sources 116
Figures and Summary Tables
Infant Mortality, 1950-2005 7
Infant Mortality, by Region, 2005 7
Infant Mortality, by Race/Ethnicity of Mother, 2005 9
Infant Mortality, by Hispanic Ethnicity of Mother, 2005 9
Leading Causes of Neonatal and Infant Mortality, 2005 11
Maternal Mortality, by Race, 1970-2006 13
Hospital Costs of Birth Defects, 2004 17
State Activities in Birth Defects Monitoring, 2009 19
Organizational Location of Birth Defects Programs, 2009 19
Funding Sources for Birth Defects Programs, 2009 19
State Newborn Screening Requirements, 2009: A Summary 21
Preterm and Very Preterm Births, 1996-2006 27
Percent Distribution of All Preterm Births, 2006 27
Incidence of Preterm and Low Birthweight Births, 2006 29
Low and Very Low Birthweight Births, 1996-2006 29
Preterm and Very Preterm Births, by Age of Mother, 2006 31
Preterm Births: Singleton, Twin, and Higher Order, 2006 31
Preterm and Very Preterm Births, by Race/Ethnicity of Mother, 2006 33
Preterm and Very Preterm Births, by Hispanic Ethnicity of Mother, 2006 33
Average Length of Stay and Average Medical Costs Among Preterm
and Term Births, 2005 35
Conditions with the Highest Inpatient Hospital Costs, 2007 35
Awareness of Folic Acid Benefits Among Women of Childbearing Age,
1995 and 2008 41
Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women Reporting Smoking During the
Past Month, 2007-2008 43
State Medicaid Coverage: Smoking Cessation Treatments for
Pregnant Women, 2006 43
Women Ages 18-44 Reporting Binge Drinking During Past
Month, 2003-2008 45
Obesity Among Women Ages 18-44, 1998-2008 47
Children with No Usual Source of Medical Care, by Type of Insurance
Coverage, 2006-2007 51
Women Ages 15-44, by Type of Health Insurance Coverage, 2008 53
Women Ages 15-44 Who Are Uninsured, by Race/Ethnicity, 2008 53
Children Under Age 19, by Type of Health Insurance Coverage, 2008 55
Children Under Age 19 Who Are Uninsured, by Race/Ethnicity, 2008 55
Medicaid Enrollment and Expenditures, by Enrollee Characteristics, 2006 57
Family Planning Waiver Programs, by State, 2007 57
Children’s Health Insurance Program Enrollment, 2001-2008 59
States with Presumptive or Continuous Eligibility Under Medicaid and
CHIP, 2007-2009 61
Contents (continued)
State-by-State Data and Tables
State Infant Mortality Rates, 2003-2005 Average 65
Infant Mortality Rates, by States, 2003-2005 Average 66
Live Births, by State, 2006 68
Newborn Screening Requirements, by State, 2009 70
Preterm Births, by State, 2006 72
Late Preterm Births, by State, 2006 74
Very Preterm Births, by State, 2006 76
Low Birthweight Births, by State, 2006 78
Very Low Birthweight Births, by State, 2006 80
Preterm Birth Rates, by State, 2006 82
Children’s Health Insurance Program, by Type of Program, 2009 83
Births to Women Who Received Early Prenatal Care, by State, 2006
(1989 Birth Certificate Revision) 84
Births to Women Who Received Early Prenatal Care, by State, 2006
(2003 Birth Certificate Revision) 85
Births to Women Who Received Late or No Prenatal Care, by State, 2006
(1989 Birth Certificate Revision) 86
Births to Women Who Received Late or No Prenatal Care, by State, 2006
(2003 Birth Certificate Revision) 87
Births to Women Who Received Adequate or Adequate-Plus Prenatal Care,
by State, 2006 (1989 Birth Certificate Revision) 88
Births to Women Who Received Adequate or Adequate-Plus Prenatal Care,
by State, 2006 (2003 Birth Certificate Revision) 89
Women Ages 15-44 Without Health Insurance, by State, 2006-2008 Average 90
Children Under Age 19 Without Health Insurance, by State, 2006-2008 Average 92
Income Eligibility Thresholds for Pregnant Women and for Children
Under Medicaid, by State, 2009 94
Income Eligibility Thresholds for Pregnant Women and for Children
Under CHIP , by State, 2009 96
Presumptive and Continuous Eligibility Under Medicaid and CHIP,
by State, 2007-2009 98
Medicaid Enrollees, by Select Characteristics, by State, Fiscal Year 2006 100
Medicaid Expenditures, by Enrollee Characteristics, by State, Fiscal Year 2006 102
Stand-Alone and Medicaid Expansion CHIP Enrollees, by State, 2007-2008 104
Children’s Health Insurance Program Federal Allotments, by State,
Fiscal Year 2009 106
Federal Matching Rates for Medicaid and CHIP, by State, Fiscal Year 2010 108
Births Funded by Medicaid, by State, 2003 109
Medicaid Coverage of Smoking Cessation Treatments, by State, 2006 110
Percent of Children 19-35 Months with Up-to-Date Immunizations, 2008 111
1
n Healthy People 2010, a series of national health objectives
to be achieved by the year 2010, was released by the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
in January 2000. These objectives are being used as a
benchmark for measuring progress in health promotion
and disease prevention.
n The broad goals of this initiative are to increase the
quality and years of healthy life and eliminate racial and
ethnic disparities in health status.
n A number of the Healthy People 2010 objectives concern
maternal, infant, and child health. Among them are
efforts to:
q Reduce rates of infant and maternal mortality, preterm
and low birthweight births, and birth defects
q Increase the proportion of women receiving early and
adequate prenatal care
q Ensure appropriate newborn screening and follow-up
testing and care
n Many relevant objectives are referred to in this data book.
More detailed information about the initiative is at the
website healthypeople.gov.
Maternal, Infant, and Child Health Objectives
for 2010
E V E R Y 1 0 Y E A R S , H H S A S S E S S E S A N D R E P O R T S O N S C I E N T I F I C
I N S I G H T S A N D L E S S O N S L E A R N E D F R O M T H E P A S T D E C A D E ,
A L O N G W I T H N E W K N O W L E D G E O F C U R R E N T D AT A , T R E N D S ,
A N D I N N O V A T I O N S . H E A L T H Y P E O P L E 2 0 2 0 W I L L R E F L E C T
A S S E S S M E N T S O F M A J O R R I S K S T O H E A L T H A N D W E L L N E S S ,
C H A N G I N G P U B L I C H E A LT H P R I O R I T I E S , A N D E M E R G I N G I S S U E S
R E L AT E D T O O U R N AT I O N ’ S H E A L T H P R E P A R E D N E S S A N D P R E -
V E N T I O N . F O R I N F O R M AT I O N O N T H E D E V E L O P M E N T O F T H E
R E V I S E D O R N E W O B J E C T I V E S S E T F O R H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 2 0 2 0 ,
S E E H E A L T H Y P E O P L E . G O V / H P 2 0 2 0 /
2
March of Dimes
On an average day in the United States
11,686
1,487
964
329
237
173
78
babies are born
babies are born preterm
(less than 37 completed weeks gestation)
babies are born low birthweight
(less than 2,500 grams, or 5
1
/2 pounds)
babies are born with a birth defect*
babies are born very preterm
(less than 32 completed weeks gestation)
babies are born very low birthweight
(less than 1,500 grams, or 3
1
/3 pounds)
babies die before reaching their first
birthday
* Based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate of at least 120,000 babies born
annually with major structural birth defects.
Note: Numbers are approximations.
Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 2006 final natality data and 2005 period linked birth/infant
death data. Prepared by the March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center, 2009.
3
March of Dimes
n About every seven seconds, a baby is born.
n Every hour, about three babies die.
n African-American infants are more than twice as likely
as white infants to die before their first birthday.
n Birth defects are the leading cause of infant mortality,
accounting for one in five infant deaths.
n Each year, about 3,000 pregnancies are affected with birth
defects of the brain and spinal cord.
n About every four and a half minutes, a baby is born with
a birth defect.*
n About one in eight infants is born preterm.
(less than 37 completed weeks gestation)
n About every one and a half minutes, a low birthweight
baby is born.
(less than 5
1
/
2
pounds)
n Prematurity/low birthweight is the second leading cause
of all infant deaths and the leading cause of infant deaths
among African Americans.
n Every year, about 4,900 babies are born weighing less than
one pound.
n About every minute, a baby is born to a teen mother.
Quick stats for the United States
* Based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate of at least 120,000 babies born annually
with major structural birth defects.
Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 2006 final natality data and 2005 period linked birth/infant
death data. Prepared by the March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center, 2009.
Maternal
Mortality
Infant and
Maternal
Mortality
6
March of Dimes
Even though infant mortality in the United States dropped
dramatically in the past century, significant room for
improvement remains.
q The infant mortality rate remained relatively stable
over the last several years.
q More than 28,000 infants died before their first
birthdays in 2005—a rate of 6.9 deaths per 1,000
live births.
q In 2005, the infant mortality rate was highest in the
southern region of the United States.
Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 2005 period linked birth/infant death data. Prepared by the March of Dimes
Perinatal Data Center, 2009.
Infant Mortality in the United States
I N F A N T M O R TA L I T Y
R E F E R S T O D E A T H
U N D E R A G E O N E .
T H E I N F A N T M O R -
T A L I T Y R A T E I S T H E
N U M B E R O F I N F A N T
D E A T H S P E R 1 , 0 0 0
L I V E B I R T H S .
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